2 results
Just Following Orders
- Atrocities and the Brain Science of Obedience
- Emilie A. Caspar
- Coming soon
-
- Expected online publication date:
- May 2024
- Print publication:
- 25 July 2024
-
- Book
- Export citation
-
How can obedience and carrying out orders lead to horrific acts such as the Holocaust or the genocides in Rwanda, Cambodia, or Bosnia? For the most part, it is a mystery why obeying instructions from an authority can convince people to kill other human beings, sometimes without hesitation and with incredible cruelty. Combining social and cognitive neuroscience with real-life accounts from genocide perpetrators, this book sheds light on the process through which obedience influences cognition and behavior. Emilie Caspar, a leading expert in the field, translates this neuroscientific approach into a clear, uncomplicated explanation, even for those with no background in psychology or neuroscience. By better understanding humanity's propensity for direct orders to short-circuit our own independent decision-making, we can edge closer to effective prevention processes.
15 - Synthesis
- from Part III - MRV at offset project scale
-
- By Valentin Bellassen, Institut National pour la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Nicolas Stephan, CDC Climat, Marion Afriat, CDC Climat, Emilie Alberola, CDC Climat, Alexandra Barker, NPL, Jean-Pierre Chang, UNFCCC, Caspar Chiquet, MRV practice of South Pole Carbon, Ian Cochran, CDC Climat, Mariana Deheza, CDC Climat, Chris Dimopoulos, NPL, Claudine Foucherot, CDC Climat, Guillaume Jacquier, CITEPA, Romain Morel, CDC Climat, Roderick Robinson, NPL, Igor Shishlov, CDC Climat
- Edited by Valentin Bellassen, Nicolas Stephan
-
- Book:
- Accounting for Carbon
- Published online:
- 05 March 2015
- Print publication:
- 19 March 2015, pp 510-537
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
This chapter brings together all the previous ones. Based on the detailed presentation and analysis of the MRV requirements of so many different carbon pricing and management mechanisms – hereafter “carbon pricing mechanisms,” it synthesizes and compares how they answered to the five cross-cutting questions identified in the general introduction to the book:
• What are the MRV requirements?
• What are the costs for entities to meet these requirements?
• Is a flexible trade-off between requirements and costs allowed?
• Is requirements stringency adapted to the amount of emissions at stake (materiality)?
• What is the balance between comparability and information relevance?
MRV requirements across schemes
The first cross-cutting question – what are the MRV requirements? – is too large to be answered in a synthetic way. This section thus focuses on two components of this question that have a major impact on MRV costs: requirements pertaining to third-party verification and those pertaining to monitoring uncertainty.
Verification requirements are broadly similar across the board
Most carbon pricing mechanisms impose a verification of the reports by an independent third party. Verification requirements are broadly similar across carbon pricing mechanisms:
• the third party must be accredited by a regulator for GHG emissions audits and this accreditation tends to be sector-specific;
• the third party must assess whether the methods used and the reporting format comply with the relevant guidelines;
• the third party must assess the accuracy, i.e., the absence of bias, of the reported figures;
• the regulator is allowed to question the opinion of the auditor, but seldom does so;• the third party tends to be paid directly by the verified entity. Although this creates a potential conflict of interest, the risk of losing the accreditation is a much stronger incentive and keeps auditors from being complacent with their client (Cormier and Bellassen, 2013).